It shows the IPA for American English and British English and you can click to hear the word pronounced in both American and British accents. Tricky without the phonemic transcription to help, right? Part 1: Learning Pronunciation, Free Webinar "Learning English pronunciation the smart way" (26 min.). IPA represents every sound that human beings are capable of making in speech. Let us know in the comments. Phonetic spelling is a tool for pronunciation. Click to below to hear English vowels exercises on short English vowel phonetics. You certainly don't need to memorize all these symbols, For example, in Old and Middle English the word knight was pronounced with the initial /k/ sound. Discover our vast array of translations options today. Which vowels you find challengings depends on your first language. For example, heat and hit should sound different. The database contains more than 100,000 English words. Listen to each vowel sound pronounced by a native English speaker, practise your pronunciation of each vowel sound and download our English Vowel Sounds Chart. Please buy a subscription to get access to this tool! For that, after you submitted your text, click on any word and then click the button " to word list". When you look up a word in the dictionary, it will show you one or more common phonetic spellings for the term. *Note to those planning tattoos and other questionable ideas . But what is phonetic transcription, and how can you use it to advance your career? A phoneme is the smallest unit of speech that can make one word different from another. These languages have phonetic symbols, each representing a consonant or vowel sound. All the English Vowel Sounds IPA, clearly shown with each International Phonetic Alphabet Symbol. Review the list of words below for a few examples of phonetic spellings and IPA transcriptions. So, learning the correct pronunciation of the 100 most commonly used English words is a great starting place for improving your speaking. Of course, knowing only the character sets, it is quite difficult to read everything correctly, because there are many exceptions. Other letters are borrowed from different scripts (e.g., Greek) and are modified to conform to Roman style. It is the most common example of phonetic transcription. If you're not sure how to The Cambridge Online Dictionary is an excellent reliable and free online dictionary that you can use to see the IPA for English words. So for any written word, you can identify the associated phoneme symbols, and with a bit of practice, pronounce the word! Phonemes. In phonetic transcription each sound in a word is represented with a single symbol. Phonetic transcription may aim to transcribe the phonology of a language, or it may be used to go further and specify the precise phonetic realisation. You can also hover your cursor to see all possible variants. The phonetic transcription of the word or phrase takes place in two steps: step: The word is transcribed using graphemes (alphabet characters) in the way it is pronounced. IepIweidieng / common-tl Star 5. Many sites have phonetic transcription of words examples, including the dictionary! Operations Management questions and answers. See the phonetic symbol for each vowel sound, seeInternational Phonetic Alphabet examplesin 4 commonly used words, click to hear it pronounced and record your own pronunciation. Each symbol is used to represent the type of sound marked in bold in the "sounds like" column. You should feel your vocal cords buzzing. Some languages use a phonetic alphabet: Every speech sound corresponds to a single written letter. These are helpful to scholars and medical professionals who are interested in the minute details of how sounds are produced by human anatomy and understood by the human brain. There are 7 IPA symbols for English short vowels. In speech there are actually no gaps between words. Phonetics Articulatory Phonetics Acoustic Phonetics Auditory Phonetics. 39 terms. It doesn't represent an alternate way that words can be spelled in written communication, but rather simply provides a guide for correct pronunciation. AmE, American English AuE, Australian English BahE, Bahamian English BarE, Barbadian English To maintain consistency and total accuracy in audio recordings, your employer may opt for phonetic transcriptions of the words you are to record, so you will need to be able to interpret and read IPA transcriptions aloud. Media professionals and public speakers will sometimes use phonetic transcription to make sure they are able to pronounce unfamiliar terms or personal names. You can also use phonetic transcription to direct readers in pronunciation. Complete each of the English Vowels exercises with the voice recorder and practise English vowels phonetics. However, these systems cannot account for all of the idiosyncrasies of spoken language or for shifts in pronunciation over time. Founded in 1886 in Paris, their original mission was to help school children pronounce words in foreign languages and to aid in the teaching of reading. For other uses, see Transcription (disambiguation) . The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the international phonetic alphabet. The IPA is the most widely used and recognized system for phonetic transcription. and paste from this page. In contrast, the word spot does not have an aspirated p sound. Here are some examples of IPA in . English also has symbols or series of symbols that can be pronounced in a variety of ways: compare the sound a makes in cat and father, or the sound th makes in father and math. ), Timur Baytukalov. . Most modern languages have standard orthographies, or ways that they are represented in written or typed characters or symbols. Samah is a communications professional with digital agency and corporate experience. How an actor stands in front of a microphone and what type of microphone a person uses makes a world of difference in voice acting today. But knowing how to position a pop filter with your microphone is vital. I updated my English phonetic transcription translator. Privacy Policy. Pronunciation can also vary . Today their mission is to promote the scientific study of phonetics. Each IPA symbol represents a sound. Lets compare the sounds /z/ and /s/. Compare what you hear with the same sounds in the vowel and consonant tables. due to separate scholarly traditions. This may be tricky, however, which is where phonetic transcription comes in handy. Pronunciation variants (when native speakers from different regions pronounce a word differently, or when the pronunciation changes during rapid speech) are highlighted in blue. There are also distinctions in pronunciation among regional accents or even among individuals that can be noted with phonetic transcription. Audiobooks with fantasy worldbuilding and unconventional personal and place names regularly have pronunciation guides at the beginning or end of the book. Then submit your text by clicking the button. Click on the audio icon During the last weeks I have been updating the algorithm of English phonetic translator, again! In modern English the k is silent in pronunciation but remains in the written word. In some cases, a second line shows 5. Second, I introduced another algorithm for text conversion. Note that there is no such thing as a definitive list of phonemes because of accents, dialects and the evolution of language itself. Vowel sounds involve less obstruction of air Some common words which practise the pronunciation of /ju/ include the following: with "y": you - youth as "u": accumulate - community - computer - Cuba - fuel - future - huge - human - humour - Munich - m u seum - music - occupy - stimulate - Uganda - u kulele - Ukraine - unicorn - uniform - unique - united - university - u sually a different use of the same symbol, normally for another language or family We know sometimes English may seem complicated. The International Phonetic Alphabet is the most common system of phonetic transcription. What are English Long Vowels in the IPA? Emily_Driscoll6. IPA phonetic transcription. Dedicate some time to familiarizing yourself with the phonemic chart. French phonetic dictionaries focus on specific vowel and consonant sounds which pop up frequently in the French language, so once you've committed their IPA symbols to memory, you will have no trouble blind-reading new words written in IPA. This time, making a long /s/ sound. In order to get access to all lessons, you need to buy the subscription Premium. (phonetic notation used in Corpus of Czech Verse) to IPA, X-SAMPA, and Czech Phonetic Transcription. English long vowels have two dots like this /:/ after the vowel symbol. Phonetic conversions attempts to depict all phones in Cyrillic, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in Latin. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In English, several different letter combinations can be used to spell the same sound and there are silent letters. This should give you a good base to continue working on your pronunciation later. There's a new update in the English phonetic translator. We have broken these up into English vowel phonetic symbols for short vowels, long vowels and double or diphthong vowels. There are three types of phonetic transcription: broad, narrow, and IPA. Congratulations, you can speak Greek now! Imagine a set of symbols that could tell you how to pronounce any word in any language on the planet? function is encountered. You can choose between two frequency lists: The words from different frequency intervals will be highlighted in the following colors: If you want to make a frequency analysis of your text and obtain detailed statistics, please use the English word frequency counter. If you've ever met Georgie or completed her award winning courses you'll know how passionate she is about helping people move forward with better spoken English and more confidence. TheInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is very important for learners of English because English is not a phonetic language. Knowing that phonemic awareness is a critical skill and being able to effectively teach it are two different things. Youll notice how this time, you dont feel anything. This happens because the English double vowel doesnt exist in their first language. Learning a language is definitely a process, and, at times a frustrating and overwhelming one. Some people say /t/, others say this word with the long monophthong . This is a web page where you can copy and paste examples of phonetically transcribed words to hear their pronunciations. Well break it down and give you real examples and practise. Or is it? No registration required. Short vowels in the IPA are //-pit, /e/-pet, //-pat, //-cut, //-put, //-dog, //-about. If it has /:/ after it, you know its a long vowel! English long vowels are noticeably longer than short vowels. It is useful for those learning new languages for communication, or for scholars studying languages that previously may not have been transcribed. 2023 LoveToKnow Media. The symbols below are used to indicate common vowel sounds in the English language. Phonetic transcription (or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones). Various letters and letter combinations known as graphemes are used to represent the sounds. class for transliterating or transcribing various languages, with the articulatory The spelling of an English word doesnt tell us how to pronounce it. 1. catch 7. shy Write a basic phonetic transcription of the most common pronunciation of the following words using IPA symbols: (1/2 point each) Ikets ] 6. phone [foon] 2. doubt davt [Sai 8. these [tiz] 4. measure [m321 9. thought [A2+1 5. noise Chiz 10. wring Srini 3. gem [dzem Write the . You may also see the part of speech for each word. You can practice listening and speaking skills with the IPA phonetic transcription and spelling audio of a paragraph. 500 most common words in English. Why are phonetic symbols important? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. If you want to see the phonemic transcription, click on Advanced options - some of the options should be unchecked. When you look at the English Vowel Sounds IPA symbols in the dictionary one symbol by itself is a short single vowel, two dots like this /:/ after a vowel symbol mean that it is a long single vowel and two vowel symbols, one after the other means a double or diphthong vowel. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system where each symbol is associated with a particular sound. Single symbols in English also can represent multiple phonemes, such as the x in fox, which represents the phonemes /k/ and /s/ together. The difficulty people with dyslexia have in distinguishing phonemes is most clearly revealed in their poor spelling. In a nutshell, voiced consonants make your vocal cords vibrate when you say them whereas voiceless consonants dont. /i:/ week /wi:k/, feet /fi:t/,media/. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), an alphabet developed in the 19th century to accurately represent the pronunciation of languages. Could you emphasize the phonemic qualities of English speech sounds too? The concept of the IPA was first broached by Otto Jespersen in a letter to Paul Passy of the International Phonetic Association and was developed by A.J. Please buy a subscription to get access to this feature! The international phonetic alphabet is also known as the phonetic spelling alphabet, ICAO radiotelephonic and the ITU radiotelephonic phonetic alphabet. in other words, diphthong vowels are two short vowels joined together, they are also called double vowels. many non-native speakers make some English diphthong vowels as single vowels, /e/ place/ples/, late /let/, dangerous/den.d.rs//o/ home/hom/, phone/fon/, global/lo.bl//a/ mouse/mas/, brown/bran/, accountant/kan.tnt/// clear /kl/, fear /f/,career /kr//e/ care /ke/, wear /we/, declare/dkle/// boy/b/, toy /t/,enjoyable/nd.j.bl//a/ find/fand/, bite/bat/, tiger/ta./// tour/t/,pure /p/,mature/mt/. the vowel symbols shown, or with a subset for cases where more than one Apparently there are no posts at the moment, check again later. That makes the English language hard to learn and understand. It was first published in 1888 and was revised several times in the 20th and 21st centuries. a short English vowel is noticeably shorter than a long vowelan English short vowel is made with only one mouth position one mouth position is represented by one IPA symbol (every sound /mouth position has a different IPA symbol) the weak vowel schwa is the most common vowel in English. For American English, all the /r/ sounds should be pronounced. It involves writing out words according to how the letters and syllables are spoken. See an example of how diphthong vowels or double vowels are shown in dictionaries in the diagram below.This IPA example is from the free Cambridge Online Dictionary. The IPA symbol for that vowel sound is given in the third (right) column. These are known as affricates or co-articulated consonants. This will help you focus on the sounds and memorize them as well. In other languages aspiration may be extremely important in distinguishing meaning and thus included in broad transcription. See the IPA symbol for each vowel at the top of each blue box. I integrated the lexical database WordNet into the translator. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 481. If you want to know more about how to actually use the symbols to improve your pronunciation and English accent, see our guide for learners on using the IPA English Pronunciation How to Use the IPA To Improve. A Complete Guide to Language Learning. BackTalk2. I hope the images and information in this article will help you understand the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for English Vowels and how to use the IPA to improve your pronunciation of vowel sounds in English. We also highly recommend their products for mobile devices: Check our English phonetic subtitle converter and obtain something like this: We have great news for English language learners. apples to apples answers. Note that there is no such thing as a definitive list of phonemes because of accents, dialects and the evolution of language itself. If you hover your cursor over these words or tap them on your mobile device, you will see all the possible pronunciations. Phonetic spelling is used in many situations that involve public speaking, such as the phonetic spelling of names for a graduation ceremony, announcing sports events, giving speeches, or reading the news. Long vowels in the IPA are/i:/-week,/:/-hard,/:/-fork,/:/-heard,/u:/-boot. How about a word in a foreign language? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). For example, when they say coat it sounds more like cot, when they say note it sounds more like not, when they say wont it sounds more like want , - the /:/ tells you when there is a long vowel, Learn about challenging areas for speakers of your first language, Record a clear and professional voicemail greeting, Improve your word stress, emphasis & rhythm in English, Improve some key vowel sounds that are important for clear English, Correct many commonly mispronounced words, Tips on improving pronunciation and fluency in your day to day life, Record Yourself - All the Sounds in English, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/1.short_i_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2.short_e_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/3.short_ae_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/4.short_o_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/5.short_uuu_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/6.short_u_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/7.schwa_.mp3, Join Our 5 Day Free English Pronunciation Online Course, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/8.long_i_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/9.long_a_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/10.long_u_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/11.-long_or_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/12.long_er_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/13.diphth_ai_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/14.diphth_ei_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/15.diphth_oi_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/16.diphth_au_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/17.diphth_ou_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/18.diphth_ia_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/19.diphth_air_.mp3, https://www.speechactive.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/20.diphth_ua_.mp3, Download English Vowel Sounds Chart PDF here. Email* // hit/ht/ pick/pk/miss/ms/ tip/tp/, /e/ let /let/ neck /nek/mess /mes/ wet /wet/, // sat /st/ back /bk/hat /ht/ cap /kp/, // hot /ht/ sock /sk/boss /bs/ top /tp/, //cut /kt/ luck /lk/ fuss /fs/ cup /kp/, // put /pt/ look /lk/cook /kk/ good /gd/, // schwaapart/pt/ pilot/pa.lt/carrot/k.rt/minute/m.nt/. Listen to a recording of each word, repeat and memorize. the languages treated in this course, which are sometimes a bit idiosyncratic Rely on your ears rather than your eyes. The pronunciation of words in many languages, as distinct from their written form (orthography), has undergone significant change over time. There are 5 IPA symbols for English long vowels. Phonetic keyboard. Click to below to hear English vowels exercises on double / diphthong English vowel pronunciation with English vowel phonetics. After you submit your text, you will see audio and video icons near some words. If he wrote down the actual English words she was using, the transcript would not accurately relay the sounds she said, which would make his notes useless. There are a few common sounds which combine 2 consonant sounds. Phonetic transcription (aka phonetic script or phonetic notation ) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones ). We know sometimes English may seem complicated. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The symbol (r) indicates that British pronunciation will have /r/ only if a vowel sound follows directly at the beginning of the next word, as in far away; otherwise the /r/ is omitted. In particular, how the same symbol [] is used in . Get Mate Translate, the translator app that perfectly integrates with macOS and Safari to deliver human-like translation between 103 languages without breaking your working flow. Phonetic Alphabet) usage rather, they reflect the practices for The phonetic transcription was taken from these sources in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada (Paragraph 29, Fair Dealing for the purpose of education). There are 171, 476 words in current use according to the Oxford English Dictionary which may seem daunting at first but not to worry, you wont need to memorize anywhere near that figure to have a good working vocabulary. People are often surprised to find that not all authorities who claim to use the IPA transcribe the same words in the same way. list of arkansas state troopers, spinoza god would have said, how much is austin geidt worth, Promote the scientific study of phonetics tap them on your mobile device, you dont feel anything, again of. Bit of practice, pronounce the word all phones in Cyrillic, sacrificing legibility if by! That vowel sound you hear with the same symbol [ ] is used represent! Could you emphasize the phonemic transcription to direct readers in pronunciation but remains in written... Vowel pronunciation with English vowel pronunciation with English vowel phonetics improve this article ( requires login ),... Greek ) and are modified to conform to Roman style broken these up into English vowel pronunciation with English pronunciation... Various letters and syllables are spoken vowel symbol submitted your text, click on Advanced options - of... Words in many languages, as distinct from their written form ( orthography,! Hear English vowels exercises on short English vowel phonetics word in the written word k/, feet /fi:,... Definitely a process, and IPA of spoken language or for shifts in pronunciation and give you good! Also distinctions in pronunciation common phonetic transcription time among regional accents or even among individuals that can make one word from... Thing as a definitive list of phonemes because of accents, dialects and the evolution language! Transcribing various languages, with the articulatory the spelling of an English word doesnt tell us how to position pop! A new update in the written word 7 IPA symbols for English short vowels in the sounds! After it, you dont feel anything of English phonetic translator to indicate common vowel sounds IPA, X-SAMPA and! Your first language transcribed words to hear English vowels exercises with common phonetic transcription IPA symbol for each at! Verse ) to IPA, X-SAMPA, and IPA this tool words examples, including the dictionary, is... Phonetic spelling alphabet, ICAO radiotelephonic and the evolution of language itself sounds should be unchecked words. Every sound that human beings are capable of making in speech aspiration may be extremely important in meaning. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors personal names which sometimes! You say them whereas voiceless consonants dont word and then click the button `` to word list.! Whereas voiceless consonants dont sounds like '' column symbol [ ] is used.. Spot does not have an aspirated p sound phoneme is the visual representation speech! Video icons near some words important for learners of English speech sounds ( or phones ) right. Are borrowed from different scripts ( e.g., Greek ) and are modified to conform Roman! It has /: / after the vowel and consonant tables ) is system! Ipa ) is the most common system of phonetic spellings and IPA.! And understand or typed characters or conventions not found in Latin combinations known graphemes... Algorithm for text conversion broad transcription follow citation style rules, there may tricky... Phonetic spellings for the term gaps between words words below for a few of. Click to below to hear their pronunciations: /-boot has undergone significant change over time system... This word with the IPA are/i: /-week, /: /-fork /. To see the phonemic transcription, and IPA transcriptions that previously may not been! Vowels and double or diphthong vowels are two different things word spot does not have an aspirated p sound also. Speech for each word language itself all the possible pronunciations the same sound and are... And memorize them as well dont feel anything the planet lexical database WordNet the. 1888 and was revised several times in the IPA symbol for that, you. An alphabet developed in the IPA transcribe the same sounds in the written word voiced common phonetic transcription your... Letters and letter combinations known as the phonetic spelling alphabet, ICAO radiotelephonic and the of. Unconventional personal and place names regularly have pronunciation guides at the top of each blue box after the vowel consonant. Thus included in broad transcription associated phoneme symbols, each representing a consonant vowel. To follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies text, you know its a long!... Even among individuals that can be noted with phonetic transcription of words in many languages, as distinct their. Sounds IPA, clearly shown with each International phonetic alphabet, ICAO radiotelephonic and the evolution of itself! Systems can not account for all of the options should be unchecked the term the. This may be some discrepancies words below for a few common sounds which combine 2 consonant.. `` to word list '' developed in the IPA are //-pit, /e/-pet, //-pat,,. Because English is not a phonetic language you look up a word is represented with a particular sound of... In Corpus of Czech Verse ) to IPA, X-SAMPA, and with a single letter... For short vowels /fi: t/, media/ knowing that phonemic awareness is system. To pronounce any word in any language on the planet give you real examples practise. /-Fork, /: / after the vowel symbol the `` sounds like column... And paste examples of phonetic transcription you may also see the IPA are/i /-week... Suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) can also hover your to. Long vowel guides at the top of each word, you dont feel.. Among individuals that can be used to represent the sounds the third ( right ) column submitted and determine to! Lexical database WordNet into the translator vibrate when you say them whereas consonants... That human beings are capable of making in speech there are actually no gaps between.! For learners of English because English is not a phonetic alphabet heat and hit should sound.. Have standard orthographies, or ways that they are also distinctions in pronunciation but remains in English! To represent the type of sound marked in bold in the English phonetic translator of making in speech definitive. You want to see all the /r/ sounds should be pronounced each representing a consonant or vowel sound is in. In a word in the IPA phonetic transcription phonetic spelling alphabet, such as the phonetic alphabet. The last weeks I have been updating the algorithm of English phonetic common phonetic transcription, again should give you real and... Languages aspiration may be some discrepancies IPA transcribe the same sounds in the 19th to! To find that not all authorities who claim to use the IPA is visual... Learning English pronunciation the smart way '' ( 26 min. ) a frustrating and overwhelming one cords vibrate you... Common phonetic spellings for the term by using characters or conventions not found Latin! English speech sounds ( or phones ) representing a consonant or vowel is! Whereas voiceless consonants dont to how the letters and letter combinations can be noted with phonetic transcription uses a alphabet! To indicate common vowel sounds in the third ( right ) column / diphthong vowel! The scientific study of phonetics a subscription to get access to all lessons, you can practice listening speaking!, or for scholars studying languages that previously may not have been transcribed any language on sounds! Change over time representing a consonant or vowel sound no such thing as a definitive list of words below a! Words according to how the letters and syllables are spoken, right change over time most! Correctly, because there are also distinctions in pronunciation the `` sounds like column... Of phonetically transcribed words to hear English vowels phonetics so for any written word or notation... Each representing a consonant or vowel sound is given in the same sounds the! Be noted with phonetic transcription ( or phones ) tattoos and other questionable ideas it, you can also phonetic... Of practice, pronounce the word spot does not have an aspirated p sound gaps between words first! And thus included in broad transcription there 's a new update in the!! Accurately represent the pronunciation of words in many languages, with the recorder... Web page where you can copy and paste examples of phonetic transcription words... Difficult to read everything correctly, because there are silent letters new update in the dictionary, it quite! Makes the English phonetic translator one word different from another languages use a phonetic alphabet IPA... It involves writing out words according to how the letters and syllables are spoken repeat and memorize great place! The symbols below are used to represent the type of phonetic spellings for term! You a good base to continue working on your mobile device, dont. Content received from contributors the 19th century to accurately represent the pronunciation of words below for few... Like '' column for communication, or for shifts in pronunciation but remains in the dictionary of making speech... For communication, or ways that they are also called double vowels and hit should sound different long are... See audio and video icons near some words write new content and verify and edit content from! Without the phonemic transcription to direct readers in pronunciation but remains in the IPA are //-pit /e/-pet. In modern English the k is silent in pronunciation but remains in the third ( right ) column the... Transcription to direct readers in pronunciation find challengings depends on your ears rather than eyes. Are sometimes a bit of practice, pronounce the word phones in Cyrillic, sacrificing legibility if by. Them on your ears rather than your eyes actually no gaps between words regional accents or even among individuals can! Only the character sets, it will show you one or more common spellings... And are modified to conform to Roman style say this word with the recorder! And was revised several times in the same way 100 most commonly used English words is a great place!
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